For Study 2, caliper measurements of the phantom objects were used to assess the novice sonogrophers accuracy implementing the EFOV technique. For Study 1, fascicle lengths measured from the T-US scans were taken to be the “true” value of ECU fascicle lengths for accuracy assessments. Throughout the figure, the orange boxes that outline different data sets identify the portions of each data set that were analyzed to test accuracy green dashed boxes outline the portions of each data set that were analyzed to evaluate reliability. The long, open rectangle symbolizes the image resulting from an EFOV-US scan of an object embedded in the phantom (Study 2 only) the image of the ruler symbolizes the caliper measurements, taken before each object was embedded in the phantom.
Each long, filled blue rectangle symbolizes a single image resulting from an EFOV-US scan of the ECU (Study 1 & 2) each filled blue square symbolizes a single T-US image of a portion of the ECU, acquired at different locations along its length (Study 1 only). The “Data” column uses symbols to illustrate the example data set collected for one subject or object. Study 1 was completed in a wrist position that shortened ECU fascicles to the extent that they were viewable within the field-of-view of our T-US probe Study 2 was completed in the neutral wrist position, where ECU fascicles are generally longer than the field-of-view of T-US.
Both A and B show the arm position in which the imaging protocol was performed to obtain in vivo ECU fascicle length. The ability to define a muscle's architecture in vivo using EFOV-US could lead to improvements in diagnosis, model development, surgery guidance, and rehabilitation techniques.įascicle length Forearm Muscle architecture Skeletal muscle Ultrasonography.ĭiagram depicting setup, data, and analysis for (A) Study 1’s comparison of EFOV-US and T-US imaging methods, and (B) Study 2’s demonstration of the accuracy and reliability of EFOV-US measurements obtained by a novice sonographer. To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify in vivo fascicle lengths of the ECU using any method. The novice sonographer's measurements from the ultrasound phantom indicate that the combined imaging and analysis method is valid (average error=2.2☑.3mm) and the in vivo fascicle length measurements demonstrate excellent reliability (ICC=0.97). A novice sonographer implemented EFOV-US in a phantom and in vivo on the ECU. Resulting measurements were not significantly different (p=0.18) a Bland-Altman test demonstrated their agreement. Images were collected in a joint posture that shortens the ECU such that entire fascicle lengths were captured within a single T-US image. Fascicle lengths from images of the ECU captured in vivo with EFOV-US were compared to lengths from a well-established method, T-US. Here, we test the validity and reliability of the EFOV-US method for obtaining fascicle lengths in the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU). The extended field-of-view ultrasound (EFOV-US) method, which fits together a sequence of B-mode images taken from a continuous ultrasound scan, facilitates direct measurements of longer, curved fascicles. As such, little work has been done to quantify in vivo forearm muscle architecture. However, most forearm muscles have fascicles that are longer than the field-of-view of traditional ultrasound (T-US). Static, B-mode ultrasound is the most common method of measuring fascicle length in vivo.
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